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1 income produced
Экономика: произведённый доход -
2 income produced
Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > income produced
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3 national income produced
Общая лексика: произведённый национальный доходУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > national income produced
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4 income
доход (ы); приход; прибыль; поступления; бухг. валовая выручка (за отчётный период) || приобретаемый ради дохода, приносящий доход (об облигациях, фондах) -
5 produced
прил. изготавливаемый - income produced ПроизведенныйБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > produced
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6 произведенный доход
income producedБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > произведенный доход
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7 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
8 produce
1. IIproduce at some time the mines no longer produce шахты истощены2. III1) produce smth. produce motor cars (planes, automobile tires, stoves, etc.) выпускать /производить/ машины и т.д.; produce woolen goods (cotton, steel, etc.) вырабатывать /выпускать, производить/ шерстяные изделия и т.д.; produce a vacuum создавать вакуум; what does this factory produce? что производит /выпускает/ эта фабрика?; the south of France produces wine на юге Франции производят /делают/ вино2) produce smth. produce wheat (corn, fruit, plenty of meat, wool, etc.) давать /производить/ пшеницу и т.д.; this soil ought to produce a good crop эта земля должна давать хороший урожай; these vines produce good grapes на этих лозах растет /произрастает/ хороший виноград; these hens produce a lot of eggs это очень ноская порода кур; produce a litter of puppies (lambs, etc.) приносить щенят и т.д.; produce a small income (unexpected dividends, etc.) приносить небольшой доход и т.д. produce a novel (scientific works, etc.) писать роман и т.д.; produce poetry писать стихи; produce a great painting создать великое полотно /прекрасную картину/ this artist produces very little этот художник очень мало пишет, творчество этого художника очень невелико; produce smb. the country (the century, etc.) produced many great men (great philosophers, singers, actresses, etc.) страна и т.д. дала [миру] много великих людей и т.д.3) produce smth. produce a play (a film /а movie/, etc.) поставить пьесу и т.д.4) produce smth. produce a sensation (a reaction, etc.) вызывать сенсацию и т.д.; produce fine results (happiness, etc.) приносить /давать/ хорошие результаты и т.д.; produce discomfort создавать неудобства; produce a poor impression производить плохое впечатление; hard work produced success упорный труд привел к успеху; their efforts produced no results все их усилия были тщетны /не принесли никаких результатов/; the purpose of the medicine is to produce perspiration это лекарство дается для того, чтобы больной пропотел5) produce smth. produce one's passport (the document, one's driver's licence, one's railway ticket, etc.) предъявлять паспорт и т.д.; produce one's credentials а) предъявлять документы; б) вручать верительные грамоты; to prove her story she produced a letter чтобы подтвердить свой рассказ, она показала письмо; produce one's reasons (facts, evidence, witnesses, etc.) приводить доводы и т.д.3. IV1) produce smth. in some manner produce smth. artificially производить что-л. искусственным путем; produce smth. systematically производить /вырабатывать, выпускать/ что-л. систематически и т.д.; produce smth. at some time they produce three models annually они выпускают /производят/ три [новые] модели ежегодно; he produced two movies (a book, etc.) last year (three years ago, etc.) он выпустил два фильма и т.д. в прошлом году и т.д.2) produce smth. at some time always (often, immediately, etc.) produce discomfort (a discussion, an objection, a rise in temperature, etc.) всегда и т.д. вызывать неудобство и т.д.; never produce any results никогда не давать никаких результатов4. XXI11) produce smth. from smth. produce sugar from beetroots (resin from the sap of certain trees, various products from coal tar, etc.) вырабатывать /делать, производить/ сахар из свеклы и т.д.; produce smth. by smth. produce steam by electricity (fertilizers by chemical action, etc.) производить пар при помощи электричества и т.д.; produce smth. for smth., smb. produce goods for sale (more food for ourselves, etc.) производить товары для продажи и т.д.2) produce smth. on smb. produce a great (a deep, a poor, etc.) impression (no effect. etc.) on smb. производить большое и т.д. впечатление и т.д. на кого-л.3) produce smth. from /out of/ smth. produce five roubles from one's pocket (a little doll from the box, a rabbit out of one's hat, etc.) вытаскивать /доставать, вынимать/ пятирублевую бумажку из кармана и т.д.; produce accounts (tickets, etc.) for inspection предъявить /представить/ счета и т.д. для проверки5. XXIIproduce smth. by doing smth. produce a new medicine by mixing these herbs создать новое лекарство из этих трав; produce a sound by blowing a bugle дуть в трубу и издавать звук -
9 surplus
1. сущ.1) эк. излишек, избыток, превышение (напр., поступлений над расходами)See:actuarial surplus, buyer's surplus, capital surplus, consumer surplus, consumer's surplus, consumers' surplus, producer surplus, producers surplus, producer's surplus, producers' surplus, vent for surplus2) эк. избыток, излишек (избыточное количество товара на рынке вследствие превышения предложения над спросом)There is a surplus of goods and services because the population can't afford to buy up all the goods and services being produced. — Существует избыток товаров и услуг, поскольку население не может себе позволить покупку всех производимых товаров и услуг.
Ant:See:3)а) гос. фин. профицит (в государственном бюджете: превышение доходов над расходами за определенный период времени)See:б) межд. эк. активное [положительное\] сальдо, профицит (в платежном балансе: превышение суммы платежей нерезидентов резидентам над суммой платежей резидентов нерезидентам по платежному балансу в целом, по отдельному его счету или группе счетов)See:balance of payments surplus, balance of trade surplus, current account surplus, external surplus, foreign trade surplus, merchandise surplus, payments surplus, services surplus, services trade surplus, trade surplus, surplus country, balance of payments, capital account 1), current account 2), balance of trade, balance of services, favourable balanceв) учет, брит. профицит (при составлении отчета о доходах и расходах некоммерческими организациями: превышение доходов над расходами)See:4) учет, фин., амер. = accumulated surplus5) учет, фин., амер. = retained earnings2. прил.1) общ. излишний, избыточный, добавочныйSee:surplus goods, surplus advance corporation tax, surplus balance, surplus budget, surplus earnings, surplus fund, surplus balance 2)2) эк. добавочный, прибавочныйSee:3) эк. профицитный ( с превышением поступлений над платежами)See:
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избыток, излишек; 1) превышение активов над пассивами или сумма превышения оплаченного капитала (резервы сверх требуемых законом, средства акционеров); валютный контролер США требует от национальных банков превышения оплаченного капитала на 20% и переводить по крайней мере 10% доходов за предыдущие 6 месяцев в резервы; см. capital surplus; 2) активное сальдо (бюджета, платежного баланса): превышение доходов над расходами; профицит.* * *Избыток, профицит. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *1. сумма, являющаяся первой частью издержек, которые несет страхователь по условиям страхования2. остаток риска, который не может быть размещен на страховом рынке и для которого требуется дополнительное покрытие3. бонус - скидка со страховой премии за безаварийное перемещение грузов и пассажиров или длительное востребование страхового возмещения -
10 produce
1. [ʹprɒdju:s] n1. 1) продукция, изделия; продукт(ы)home produce - товары /изделия/ отечественного производства
surplus produce - полит.-эк. прибавочный продукт
2) сельскохозяйственные продукты, сельскохозяйственная продукция (тж. agricultural produce, farm produce)garden produce - овощи и фрукты; зелень
fancy-grade frozen produce - высококачественные замороженные фрукты и овощи
2. результат, исход3. потомок, потомство2. [prəʹdju:s] v1. предъявлять, представлятьto produce one's passport [one's railway ticket] - предъявить паспорт [железнодорожный билет]
to produce five pounds from one's pocket - вынуть /достать/ из кармана пять фунтов
to produce in evidence - юр. представить в качестве доказательства
2. ставить (пьесу, кинокартину); осуществлять постановку (на радио, телевидении)to produce an actress [a singer] - выпустить на сцену актрису [певца]
3. создаватьto produce pictures - создавать /писать/ картины
to produce a book - выпустить /издать/ книгу
4. производить, вырабатывать, выпускать; изготовлять5. приносить, даватьfields which produce heavy crops - поля, которые дают богатый урожай
the investment produces a small income - денежный вклад даёт небольшой доход
6. вызывать, быть причиной7. мат. проводить ( линию) -
11 produce
1. гл.1)а) эк. производить; изготовлять; вырабатывать, выпускатьPaper is produced from wood. — Бумагу делают из дерева.
See:б) общ. создаватьto produce pictures — создавать [писать\] картины
2) общ. приносить, даватьThe new instrument is expected to produce relatively higher interests. — Ожидается, что новый инструмент будет приносить более высокие проценты.
3) общ. вызывать, быть причиной4) общ. представлять, предъявлять2. сущ.1)а) общ. изделие, изделия; продукт, продуктыSee:б) общ. сельскохозяйственные продукты; сельскохозяйственная продукцияgarden produce — овощи и фрукты; зелень
See:2) общ. исход, результат (напр., работы, усилий) -
12 consumer
сущ.1) эк. потребитель; покупательATTRIBUTES: average 2. 1), 2. 2), conventional 2. 2), end 1. 1), final 1. 1), individual 1. 2), industrial 1. 1), а, loyal 1. 1), potential 2. 2), prospective 2. 2), rational 2. 1), reasonable 2. 1), representative 2. 2), n2, target 3. 1), ultimate 2. 2), n1
British consumers are paying much more than their counterparts in mainland Europe for a wide range of goods. — Британские потребители покупают многие товары по значительно более высокой цене, чем потребители материковой Европы.
Our consumers expect products which are not only delicious (and safe) but which have been produced fairly and ethically. — Наши потребители ожидают таких продуктов, которые не только вкусны и безопасны для здоровья, но еще и были произведены надлежащим образом и в согласии с этическими нормами.
An average consumer for heating in Turkey uses fuel wood at a rate of 0.75 m3 yr. — Среднестатистический потребитель отопления в Турции использует 0,75 м3 в год древесного топлива.
See:average consumer, conventional consumer, disadvantaged consumer, end consumer, end-consumer, fickle consumer, final consumer, green consumers, heat consumer, individual consumer, industrial consumer, interested consumer, intermediate consumer, loyal consumer, manipulated consumer, potential consumer, price-conscious consumer, price-sensitive consumer, prospective consumer, rational consumer, reasonable consumer, representative consumer, savvy consumer, target consumer, ultimate consumer, water consumer, consumer acceptance, consumer account, consumer activist, consumer advertisement, consumer advertising, consumer advisory board, consumer advisory council, consumer advocate, consumer affluence, consumer analysis, consumer anticipations, consumer appeal, consumer attitude, consumer audience, consumer awareness, consumer bank, consumer basket, consumer behaviour, consumer benefit, consumer boom, consumer brochure, consumer budget, consumer business, consumer buying decision, consumer capitalism, consumer choice, consumer clinic, consumer club, consumer commodities, consumer communications, consumer comparison, consumer complaint, consumer confidence, consumer container, consumer cooperation, consumer cooperative, consumer council, consumer credit, consumer culture, consumer debenture, consumer decision making, consumer deficit, consumer delivery, consumer demand, consumer diary, consumer discrimination, consumer durable product, consumer durables, consumer economics, consumer education, consumer effect, consumer electronics, consumer environment, consumer equilibrium, consumer evaluation, consumer expectations, consumer expenditure, consumer favour, consumer feedback, consumer finance company, consumer flow, consumer franchise, consumer fraud, consumer goods, consumer group, consumer guide, consumer habit, consumer impression, consumer income, consumer inertia, consumer information, consumer inquiry, consumer insurance, consumer interest, consumer interview, consumer items, consumer jury, consumer knowledge, consumer language, consumer law, consumer learnings, consumer lease, consumer leasing, consumer legislation, consumer lifestyle, consumer lines, consumer list, consumer loan, consumer lobby, consumer loyalty, consumer magazine, consumer market, consumer marketing, consumer motivation, consumer movement, consumer needs, consumer non-durables, consumer orientation, consumer pack, consumer panel, consumer patronage, consumer perception, consumer personality, consumer policy, consumer population, consumer practice, consumer preferences, consumer premium, consumer pressure, consumer price, consumer products, consumer profile, consumer promotion, consumer properties, consumer protection, consumer psychologist, consumer psychology, consumer publication, consumer purchase, consumer purchaser, consumer rating, consumer reaction, consumer relations, consumer report, consumer research, consumer resistance, consumer response, consumer rights, consumer sale, consumer sales, consumer satisfaction, consumer segment, consumer service, consumer services, consumer setting, consumer shopping, consumer society, consumer sophistication, consumer sovereignty, consumer spending, consumer spendings, consumer study, consumer surplus, consumer survey, consumer tastes, consumer trade practices, consumer trends, consumer use tests, consumer utility, consumer valuation, consumer value, consumer vulnerability, consumer warranty, consumer waste, consumer wealth, consumer welfare, consumer's account, consumers' attitude, consumer's choice, consumer's cooperative, consumer's demand, consumers expenditure, consumer's goods, consumer's indifference curve, consumers market, consumers' market, consumers' panel, consumer's point, consumers' preference, consumers' remedy, consumer's surplus, consumers' surplus, consumer's test, consumer's wants, cost to consumer, price to consumer COMBS: business to consumer, business-to-consumer, business-to-consumer firm, competition for the consumer's dollar, Consumer Credit Act 1974, Consumer Credit Protection Act, Consumer Goods Pricing Act, Consumer Magazine and Agri-Media Rates and Data, Consumer Product Safety Act, Consumer Products Warranties Act, Consumer Protection Act 1961, Consumer Protection Act 1971, Consumer Reports, Consumer Safety Act 1978, Department of Banking and Consumer Finance v. Clarke, Ethical Consumer, Farmer-to-Consumer Direct Marketing Act, Home Equity Loan Consumer Protection Act, Telephone Consumer Protection Act 1991, Uniform Consumer Credit Code, Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Consumer Bankers Association, consumer confidence, consumer expenditure2) биол., эк. прир. консумент (организм, который потребляет другие организмы; выделяют первичные, вторичные и третичные консументы)See:
* * *
потребитель: лицо, которое в конечном итоге пользуется данным товаром или услугой (это не всегда покупатель).* * * -
13 item
n1) пункт, параграф, статья2) предмет в списке, позиция3) статья (импорта; экспорта)5) изделие
- accessory item
- accrued items
- additional item
- agenda item
- associated items
- bad item
- balance-sheet item
- balancing item
- booking item
- bought item
- budget item
- bulky item
- capital item
- cash item
- catalogue item
- commodity item
- consumer items
- contract item
- corresponding items
- cost item
- credit item
- customable items
- debit item
- delayed item
- demand items
- direct-store-delivery items
- duty-free items
- effective item
- end item
- exhibition item
- expense item
- export items
- extraordinary item
- fancy items
- faster-moving items
- faulty item
- fungible items
- general items
- high margin items
- high quality items
- high turnover items
- import items
- impulse item
- income item
- individual item
- inventory item
- invisible items of expenditure
- key items
- last saved item
- low value items
- low volume items
- luxury items
- made item
- merchandise item
- monetary item
- news item
- noncapital item
- noncash items
- nonfood items
- off-balance-sheet item
- one-of-a-kind item
- open item
- optional item
- packed items
- power items
- production line item
- prohibited items
- protected budget items
- purchased item
- representative item
- residual item
- restrictive proprietary item
- returned items
- revenue items
- routine item
- sale-priced items
- serially-produced items
- short-delivered items
- slow-moving items
- stable item
- staple item
- stocked item
- subcontract item
- superior item
- suspense items
- tariff item
- tax preference item
- transit item
- uncovered item
- undelivered items
- unprotected budget items
- visible items
- visible items of trade
- item in the budget
- item of account
- item of the agenda
- item of an agreement
- item of a bill
- item of the balance sheet
- item of the budget
- items of consumption
- item of a contract
- item of equipment
- item of expenditure
- item of expense
- items of exportation
- items of general consumption
- items of importation
- items of mass consumption
- items of personal use
- item of a plan
- items of trade
- item on a balance sheet
- enter an item into an account
- enter an item into the ledger
- exclude an item
- list items
- pass an item to an account
- specify items
- split up items
- strike an item off the list
- strike out an item
- subdivide items
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